AN ANTIMICROBIAL ANALYSIS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL OF Mangifera indica AND Carica papaya LEAVES
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BACKGORUND TO THE STUDY
It is well known that in order for a plant to protect itself, it creates certain compounds that can also protect humans from sickness. Today, there are approximately 4000 distinct phytochemicals that have the potential to alter disorders such as cancer, stroke, or the metabolic system (Arts and Hollman, 2005). Phytochemicals are naturally occurring chemical substances in plants that are responsible for numerous plant characteristics such as smell, taste, colour, and other organoleptic features. Curative (or nutritive) compounds include alkaloid, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, isoflavones, cartenoids, and sulphides, as well as non-curative (or non-nutritive) compounds like cyanide, oxalates, terpenes, and terpenoids (WHO, 2021). Though certain phytochemicals have biological relevance due to their recognised vital nutritional qualities, several have been regarded as possible medications due to their therapeutic potential (Marjorie 2019). Plants that contain such phytochemicals are considered medical plants since they have qualities comparable to conventional pharmaceutical medications. Because of their pharmacological qualities, natural plants are commonly used as primary health treatments in the local community. Plant extracts are still widely utilised in the treatment of malaria and other illnesses in many parts of the world, particularly in West Africa (World Health Organization, 2021). In truth, every plant is medicinal due to the contents of its phytochemicals; hence, pharmaceutical enterprises rely greatly on their therapeutic purpose in order to be employed as precursors for drug production (Bouayed et al., 2017).
This is due to the active substances that may be collected from plant parts such as leaves, stems, barks, roots, bulks, rhizomes, woods, flowers, fruits, or seeds for therapeutic purposes. Most phytochemicals, including sulphides (found in onions, leeks, and garlic), carotenoid (found in carrots), flavonoids (found in fruits and vegetables), and polyphenols (found in tea and grapes), have antioxidant activity and protect our cells from oxidative damage, as well as lowering the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some have hormonal effects, such as isoflavones (found in soy), which mimic human oestrogen and assist to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Some also activate enzymes such as indoles (found in cabbages), which inhibits the effectiveness of oestrogen and hence the risk of breast cancer. Caspacin (found in hot peppers) protects DNA from carcinogens, but allicin (found in garlic) is antibacterial (Manach, 2004).
Alkaloids are naturally occurring organic bases with a pyridine ring that have a bitter taste and are employed in the production of anti-malarial, anti-hypertension, and anti-cancer medications (Manske, 2009; Kittakoop et al., 2014).
Flavonoids contain a 15-carbon skeleton made up of two phenyl rings and one heterocyclic ring, and they are recognised for their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties (Yamamoto and Gaynor, 2001). Glycosides are compounds that include sugars that are linked to another functional group via a glycosidic bond (either O- or S-). In cases of heart failure, digitalis glycosides have been used as cardiac medicines (Brito-Arias and Marco, 2007). Phenols are a kind of aromatic chemical compound that has antibacterial characteristics and may be utilised as a disinfectant (Amorati and others).
Valgimidi, (2012). (2012). Saponnin is a kind of plant glycoside that acts as an anti-feedant and protects plants against bacteria and fungus. Plant saponins help in nutrition absorption and digestion (Francis, et al., 2002). Steroids are polycyclic molecules with an alkanol functional group, such as cholesterol and sex hormones (Desmond and Gribaldo, 2009). Tannin is a phenolic molecule that has the capacity to precipitate proteins, amino acids, and alkaloids. They defend the plant against predators, perhaps as insecticides, and govern its development and fruit ripening (Drabble and Nierenstein, 2001).
An antimicrobial is a substance that either kills or slows the development of bacteria while causing little or no harm to the host. Antimicrobial treatment is the use of antibiotics to treat infection, whereas antimicrobial prophylaxis is the use of antibiotics to prevent illness (Amyes 1996).
Plant components are employed in the composition of animal feed because they include phytochemicals that can act as antibiotics for the animals. As a result, there is a need to research common plants that are readily available, inexpensive, renewable, and nutritious as feed additions. Mangiferaindica and Carica papaya are edible, and the roots and leaves, as well as the roots and leaves, have been claimed to have therapeutic use (Fowomola, 2010). Mangifera indica, widely known as mango, contains pharmacologically active hydroxyl-atedxanthone C-glycoside isolated from the leaves and bark (Jonathan, 1993) as well as allergic urushiols recovered from the fruit peel (Cuadra, Pablo, 2007). These compounds have anti-diuretic, anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, and cardiac herb properties (Gordon, 2012). Carica papaya, on the other hand, is a species of the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae. As a malaria therapy, papaya leaves are processed into the tea Fowomola (Titanji, et al., 2008).
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